IN THE MEDIA / JOURNALS & PAPERS / GOVERNMENT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS
| 2026 | |
| AI and the euro area economy, 23-03-26, speech by Philip Lane, Chief Economist, European Central Bank: “Sources: OECD, United Nations and ECB staff calculations. Notes: The OECD.AI Index (2026) assesses countries’ implementation of the OECD Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence, providing a comparable overview of national AI ecosystems. Component scores are between 0 and 1, calculated based on indicators from a diverse array of data sources … AI intensity groups are based on the OECD methodology (See Calvino, F., Dernis, H., Samek, L. and Ughi, A. (2024), ‘A sectoral taxonomy of AI intensity’, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No 30, December).” | |
| 2025 | |
| AI in science strategy — Communication COM(2025) 724, Oct 2025, European Commission (DG Research & Innovation): “(71) Based on OECD AI Policy Observatory 2024, section in Bianchini et al., ‘Artificial intelligence in science – Promises or perils for creativity?’, 2025.” [The Commission’s formal AI in science strategy cites the OECD AI Policy Observatory 2024 in a legislative footnote.] | |
| New OECD–EC report: insights from the implementation of the EU Coordinated Plan on AI, Nov 2025, European Commission Futurium / Apply AI Alliance: “A new OECD report, in cooperation with and funded by the European Commission, Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Member States’ Actions, takes stock of national strategies, investments and governance arrangements put in place across the EU.” | |
| Empowering learners for the age of AI — launch of the AI literacy framework, May 2025, European Education Area (European Commission): “The framework is the result of a cooperation between the European Commission and OECD. Its development is supported by Code.org and leading international experts.” [Joint EC–OECD AI literacy framework for primary and secondary education; OECD Director for Education Andreas Schleicher keynote speaker.] | |
| Regulating artificial intelligence: US and international approaches and considerations for Congress (CRS Report R48555), 2025, Congressional Research Service: “https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/03/explanatory-memorandum-on-the-updated-oecd-definition-of-an-ai-system.” [Cites the OECD updated AI system definition in footnote 6 as the primary international reference framework for Congressional AI regulation deliberation.] | |
| Digital Progress and Trends Report 2025: strengthening AI foundations, Sep 2025, World Bank: “Sources: Original figure for this publication based on analysis of various indicators from Epoch (https://epoch.ai/), OECD.AI (https://oecd.ai).” [oecd.ai used as one of two primary data sources for Figure O.2 tracking global AI publication and patent trends; OECD firm-level AI adoption data (8%, 2024) cited throughout.] | |
| Devising a strategic approach to artificial intelligence: a handbook for governments, 2025, World Bank: “Some countries take different approaches … adherence to international frameworks such as … the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AI Principles. By founding their national approach on these guidelines, policy makers can help harmonize the international AI governance ecosystem.” | |
| Artificial intelligence and productivity in Europe (IMF Working Paper WP/25/67), Apr 2025, International Monetary Fund: “A third sector is composed of tradable goods and services that are particularly exposed to AI as measured by the sectoral index compiled using the approach by Cazzaniga et al. (2024). This calculation uses OECD data.” [Applies OECD AI sectoral taxonomy and OECD Inter-Country Input-Output data to calibrate AI productivity models for European economies.] | |
| AI projects in financial supervisory authorities (IMF Working Paper WP/25/199), 2025, International Monetary Fund: “Different AI systems vary in their levels of autonomy and adaptiveness after deployment (OECD, 2024). AI systems include different subsets such as machine learning, deep learning — labeled as traditional AI — and novel forms such as generative AI, large language models, or agents.” [Cites the OECD 2024 AI system definition as the foundational definition for the paper.] | |
| AI and the labour market in Korea — seizing the opportunities and managing the risks: the policy response to AI, Oct 2025, OECD (commissioned by the Korean Government): “In 2025, Korea passed a draft AI Basic Act to be implemented in 2026 … OECD evidence shows that workers who have been consulted about the use of new technologies are more positive about the impact of AI on their work than those who have not.” [Commissioned directly by the Korean government; draws extensively on OECD AI Policy Observatory comparative data.] | |
| 2024 | |
| NIST AI 600-1: Generative AI profile — trustworthy and responsible AI, 2024, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): “AI Actors are defined by the OECD as ‘those who play an active role in the AI system lifecycle, including organizations and individuals that deploy or operate AI.’ See Appendix A of the AI RMF for additional descriptions.” [NIST AI Risk Management Framework formally adopts OECD terminology throughout.] | |
| OECD Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence, May 2024, European Commission Interoperable Europe Portal: “The Recommendation was revised by the OECD Council meeting at Ministerial level on 3 May 2024 to reflect technological and policy developments, including with respect to generative AI, and to further facilitate its implementation.” [EC’s Interoperable Europe Portal formally documents the 2024 update to the OECD Recommendation on AI as a reference instrument for EU digital governance practitioners.] | |
| OECD AI Policy Observatory — collaboration with EC AI Watch, ongoing, European Commission AI Watch knowledge service: “The OECD and the European Commission (EC) collaborate on global monitoring and analysis of Artificial Intelligence developments. The collaboration focuses on supplying accessible, consistent, and up-to-date information to stakeholders through the OECD AI Policy Observatory and the Commission’s knowledge service to monitor the development, uptake and impact of AI in Europe, AI Watch.” | |
| 2023 | |
| Artificial intelligence act: Council and Parliament strike a deal on the first rules for AI in the world, 09-12-23, Council of the European Union: “To ensure that the definition of an AI system provides sufficiently clear criteria for distinguishing AI from simpler software systems, the compromise agreement aligns the definition with the approach proposed by the OECD.” [The EU AI Act’s foundational definition of an AI system is formally derived from the OECD Recommendation on AI — the most consequential institutional citation in this review.] | |
| 2020 | |
| The Council of Europe contributes to the OECD work on artificial intelligence, 26-02-20, Council of Europe: “The Council of Europe was invited to participate in the first meeting of the OECD Network of Experts on AI (ONE AI) in Paris on 26-27 February.” [Documents early Council of Europe–OECD collaboration on AI governance frameworks at the launch of the OECD.AI Policy Observatory.] | |